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<title>Dynamite</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynamite</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the high explosive. For other uses, see <a href="Dynamite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dynamite (disambiguation)">Dynamite (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Dynamite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Preparation of dynamite during the construction of the <a href="Douglas_Dam" title="Douglas Dam">Douglas Dam</a>, 1942</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Explosion" title="Explosion">Explosion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented</th><td class="infobox-data">1866<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1866</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Dynamite</b> is an <a href="Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> made of <a href="Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>, <a href="Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbents</a> (such as powdered shells or clay), and <a href="Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liepens_1974_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liepens_1974-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was invented by the <a href="Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> chemist and engineer <a href="Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in <a href="Geesthacht" title="Geesthacht">Geesthacht</a>, Northern Germany, and was <a href="Patented" class="mw-redirect" title="Patented">patented</a> in 1867. It rapidly gained wide-scale use as a more robust alternative to the traditional <a href="Gun_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun powder">black powder</a> explosives. It allows the use of nitroglycerine's favorable explosive properties while greatly reducing its risk of accidental detonation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist <a href="Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in 1866 and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than <a href="Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>.

</p><p>Alfred Nobel's father, <a href="Immanuel_Nobel" title="Immanuel Nobel">Immanuel Nobel</a>, was an industrialist, engineer, and inventor. He built bridges and buildings in Stockholm and founded Sweden's first rubber factory. His construction work inspired him to research new methods of blasting rock that were more effective than black powder. After some bad business deals in Sweden, in 1838 Immanuel moved <a href="Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">his family</a> to <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, where Alfred and his brothers were educated privately under Swedish and Russian tutors. At the age of 17, Alfred Nobel was <a href="Grand_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand tour">sent abroad for two years</a>; in the United States he met Swedish engineer <a href="John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a> and in France studied under famed chemist <a href="Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules_Pelouze" title="Théophile-Jules Pelouze">Théophile-Jules Pelouze</a> and his pupil <a href="Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero">Ascanio Sobrero</a>, who had first synthesized <a href="Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> in 1847. Pelouze cautioned Nobel against using nitroglycerine as a commercial explosive because of its great sensitivity to shock.<sup id="cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tekniskamuseet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1857, Nobel filed the first of several hundred <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, mostly concerning air pressure, gas and fluid gauges, but remained fascinated with nitroglycerin's potential as an explosive. Nobel, along with his father and brother <a href="Emil_Oskar_Nobel" title="Emil Oskar Nobel">Emil</a>, experimented with various combinations of nitroglycerin and black powder. Nobel came up with a way to safely detonate nitroglycerin by inventing the <a href="Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a>, or blasting cap, that allowed a controlled explosion set off from a distance using a <a href="Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a>. In 1863 Nobel performed his first successful detonation of pure nitroglycerin, using a blasting cap made of a copper <a href="Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion cap</a> and <a href="Mercury(II)_fulminate" title="Mercury(II) fulminate">mercury fulminate</a>. In 1864, Alfred Nobel filed patents for both the blasting cap and his method of synthesizing nitroglycerin, using <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, nitric acid and glycerin. On 3 September 1864, while experimenting with nitroglycerin, Emil and several others were killed in an explosion at the factory at Immanuel Nobel's estate at <a href="Heleneborg" title="Heleneborg">Heleneborg</a>. After this, Alfred founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget in <a href="Vinterviken" title="Vinterviken">Vinterviken</a> to continue work in a more isolated area and the following year moved to Germany, where he founded another company, <a href="Dynamit_Nobel" title="Dynamit Nobel">Dynamit Nobel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tekniskamuseet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite the invention of the blasting cap, the instability of nitroglycerin rendered it useless as a commercial explosive. To solve this problem, Nobel sought to combine it with another substance that would make it safe for transport and handling but would not reduce its effectiveness as an explosive. He tried combinations of cement, coal, and sawdust, but was unsuccessful. Finally, he tried <a href="Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a>, which is fossilized algae, that he brought from the <a href="Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> River near his factory in <a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, which successfully stabilized the nitroglycerin into a portable explosive.<sup id="cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tekniskamuseet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Nobel obtained patents for his inventions in England on 7 May 1867 and in Sweden on 19 October 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-s&s-101_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s&s-101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its introduction, dynamite rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Nobel tightly controlled the patents, and unlicensed duplicating companies were quickly shut down. A few American businessmen got around the patent by using absorbents other than diatomaceous earth, such as resin.<sup id="cite_ref-USPat_234489_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPat_234489-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Nobel originally sold dynamite as "Nobel's Blasting Powder" and later changed the name to dynamite, from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <i>dýnamis</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δύναμις</span></span>), meaning "power".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2></div>

<p>Dynamite is usually sold in the form of cardboard cylinders about 200 mm (8 in) long and about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>32 mm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in diameter, with a mass of about 190 grams (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> troy pound).<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_Blaster_Guide_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin_Blaster_Guide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stick of dynamite thus produced contains roughly 1 MJ (<a href="Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoule</a>) of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sizes also exist, rated by either portion (Quarter-Stick or Half-Stick) or by weight.

</p><p>Dynamite is usually rated by "weight strength" (the amount of nitroglycerin it contains), usually from 20% to 60%. For example, <i>40% dynamite</i> is composed of 40% nitroglycerin and 60% "dope" (the absorbent storage medium mixed with the stabilizer and any additives).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_considerations">Storage considerations</h3></div>

<p>The maximum <a href="Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of nitroglycerin-based dynamite is recommended as one year from the date of manufacture under good storage conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_Blaster_Guide_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin_Blaster_Guide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Over time, regardless of the sorbent used, sticks of dynamite will "weep" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can then pool in the bottom of the box or storage area. For that reason, explosive manuals recommend the regular up-ending of boxes of dynamite in storage. Crystals will form on the outside of the sticks, purportedly causing them to be even more sensitive to shock, friction, and temperature. Therefore, while the risk of an explosion without the use of a <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a> is minimal for fresh dynamite, old dynamite is dangerous. Modern packaging helps eliminate this by placing the dynamite into sealed plastic bags and using wax-coated cardboard.

</p><p>Dynamite is moderately sensitive to shock. Shock resistance tests are usually carried out with a drop-hammer: about 100 mg of explosive is placed on an anvil, upon which a weight of between 0.5 and 10 kg (1 and 22 lb) is dropped from different heights until detonation is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a hammer of 2 kg, <a href="Mercury_fulminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury fulminate">mercury fulminate</a> detonates with a drop distance of 1 to 2 cm, nitroglycerin with 4 to 5 cm, dynamite with 15 to 30 cm, and ammoniacal explosives with 40 to 50 cm.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_manufacturers">Major manufacturers</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div>

<p>For several decades beginning in the 1940s, the largest producer of dynamite in the world was the <a href="Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. There, the <a href="De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> company established a factory in 1902 at <a href="Somerset_West" title="Somerset West">Somerset West</a>. The explosives factory was later operated by <a href="AECI" title="AECI">AECI</a> (African Explosives and Chemical Industries). The demand for the product came mainly from the country's vast gold mines, centered on the <a href="Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>. The factory at Somerset West was in operation in 1903 and by 1907 it was already producing 340,000 cases, 23 kilograms (50 lb) each, annually. A rival factory at Modderfontein was producing another 200,000 cases per year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There were two large explosions at the Somerset West plant during the 1960s. Some workers died, but the loss of life was limited by the modular design of the factory and its earth works, and the planting of trees that directed the blasts upward. There were several other explosions at the Modderfontein factory. After 1985, pressure from trade unions forced AECI to phase out the production of dynamite. The factory then went on to produce ammonium nitrate emulsion-based explosives that are safer to manufacture and handle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<p>Dynamite was first manufactured in the US by the <a href="Giant_Powder_Company" title="Giant Powder Company">Giant Powder Company</a> of <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, whose founder had obtained the exclusive rights from Nobel in 1867. Giant was eventually acquired by <a href="DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont</a>, which produced dynamite under the Giant name until Giant was dissolved by DuPont in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Thereafter, DuPont produced dynamite under its own name until 1911–12, when its explosives monopoly was broken up by the U.S. Circuit Court in the "Powder Case". Two new companies were formed upon the breakup, the <a href="Hercules_Powder_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Powder Company">Hercules Powder Company</a> and the <a href="Atlas_Powder_Company" title="Atlas Powder Company">Atlas Powder Company</a>, which took up the manufacture of dynamite (in different formulations).

</p><p>Currently, only <a href="Dyno_Nobel" title="Dyno Nobel">Dyno Nobel</a> manufactures dynamite in the US. The only facility producing it is located in <a href="Carthage%2C_Missouri" title="Carthage, Missouri">Carthage, Missouri</a>, but the material is purchased from Dyno Nobel by other manufacturers who put their labels on the dynamite and boxes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-dynamite_explosives">Non-dynamite explosives</h2></div>

<p>Other explosives are often referred to or confused with dynamite:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitrotoluene_(TNT)">Trinitrotoluene (TNT)</h3></div>

<p><a href="Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">Trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT) is often assumed to be the same as (or confused for) dynamite largely because of the ubiquity of both explosives during the 20th century. This incorrect connection between TNT and dynamite was enhanced by cartoons such as <a href="Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a>, where animators labeled any kind of bomb (ranging from sticks of dynamite to kegs of <a href="Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>) as TNT, because the initialism was shorter and more memorable and did not require <a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> to recognize that TNT meant "bomb".

</p><p>Aside from both being high explosives, TNT and dynamite have little in common. TNT is a second-generation <a href="Use_forms_of_explosives#Castings" title="Use forms of explosives">castable explosive</a> adopted by the military, while dynamite, in contrast, has never been popular in warfare because it degenerates quickly under severe conditions and can be detonated by either fire or a wayward bullet. The German armed forces adopted TNT as a filling for artillery shells in 1902, some 40 years after the invention of dynamite, which is a first-generation <a href="Phlegmatized_explosive" title="Phlegmatized explosive">phlegmatized explosive</a> primarily intended for civilian earthmoving. TNT has never been popular or widespread in civilian earthmoving, as it is considerably more expensive and less powerful by weight than dynamite,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being slower to mix and pack into boreholes. TNT's primary asset is its remarkable insensitivity and stability: it is waterproof and incapable of detonating without the extreme shock and heat provided by a <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a> (or a <a href="Sympathetic_detonation" title="Sympathetic detonation">sympathetic detonation</a>); this stability also allows it to be melted at 81 °C (178 °F), poured into <a href="Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">high explosive shells</a> and allowed to re-solidify, with no extra danger or change in the TNT's characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, more than 90% of the TNT produced in the United States was always for the military market, with most TNT used for filling shells, <a href="Hand_grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenades">hand grenades</a> and <a href="Aerial_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial bombs">aerial bombs</a>, and the remainder being packaged in brown "bricks" (not red cylinders) for use as <a href="Satchel_charge" title="Satchel charge">demolition charges</a> by <a href="Combat_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineers">combat engineers</a>.

</p><p><br>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Extra"_dynamite">"Extra" dynamite</h3></div>

<p>In the United States, in 1885, the chemist Russell S. Penniman invented "ammonium dynamite", a form of explosive that used <a href="Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> as a substitute for the more costly nitroglycerin. Ammonium nitrate has only 85% of the <a href="Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> of nitroglycerin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is rated by either "weight strength" (the amount of ammonium nitrate in the medium) or "cartridge strength" (the <a href="Strength_(explosive)" title="Strength (explosive)">potential explosive strength</a> generated by an amount of explosive of a certain density and grain size used in comparison to the explosive strength generated by an equivalent density and grain size of a standard explosive). For example, high-explosive <i>65% Extra dynamite</i> has a weight strength of 65% ammonium nitrate and 35% "dope" (the absorbent medium mixed with the stabilizers and additives). Its "cartridge strength" would be its weight in pounds times its strength in relation to an equal amount of <a href="ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> (the civilian baseline standard) or <a href="TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a> (the military baseline standard). For example, 65% ammonium dynamite with a 20% cartridge strength would mean the stick was equal to an equivalent weight strength of 20% ANFO.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Military_dynamite"">"Military dynamite"</h3></div>

<p>"Military dynamite" (or M1 dynamite) is a dynamite substitute made with more stable ingredients than nitroglycerin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains 75% <a href="RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a>, 15% TNT and 10% desensitizers and plasticizers. It has only 60% <a href="TNT_equivalent#Relative_effectiveness_factor" title="TNT equivalent">equivalent strength</a> as commercial dynamite, but is much safer to store and handle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">Explosive material § Regulation</a></div>

<p>Various countries around the world have enacted laws regarding explosives and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, and possess explosives or ingredients.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">Blast fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasting_machine" title="Blasting machine">Blasting machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamite_gun" title="Dynamite gun">Dynamite gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_effectiveness_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative effectiveness factor">Relative effectiveness factor</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLiepens1974" class="citation web cs1">Liepens, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0778207.pdf">"Characteristics of Non-Military Explosives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Defense Technical Information Center</i>. Research Triangle Institute, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tekniskamuseet-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tekniskamuseet_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">"Alfred Nobel – Dynamit"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="Swedish_National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology">Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003064331/https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-s&s-101-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s&s-101_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schück & Sohlman (1929), p. 101.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-USPat_234489-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USPat_234489_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Patent 234489 issued to Morse 16 November 1880</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"dynamite". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520041505/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/dynamite"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dynamite">the original</a> on 20 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"dynamite". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520041505/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/dynamite"><i>Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged</i></a>. HarperCollins. 2003 [1991]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dynamite">the original</a> on 20 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Austin_Blaster_Guide-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_Blaster_Guide_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_Blaster_Guide_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321201205/http://www.austinpowder.com/BlastersGuide/docs/pib/Dynamite%20Series.PDF">"Austin Powder Guide, Dynamite series page 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinpowder.com/BlastersGuide/docs/pib/Dynamite%20Series.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChemViews2012" class="citation web cs1">ChemViews (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/3622371/145_Years_of_Dynamite.html">"145 Years of Dynamite"</a>. <i>Chemistry Views</i>. ChemViews Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220703/http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/3622371/145_Years_of_Dynamite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos López Jimeno, Emilio López Jimeno, Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, <i>Drilling and Blasting of Rocks</i>, translated by Yvonne Visser de Ramiro from <i>Manual de perforación y voladura de rocas</i> (1987), Geomining Technological Institute of Spain (Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de Espan~a), Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 1995, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-5410-199-7</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caia.co.za/">"Home"</a>. <i>Chemical & Allied Industries' Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423103201/https://www.caia.co.za/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630050905/http://www.aeci.co.za/New/History/1980.htm">"Historical Highlights 1980's"</a>. 30 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeci.co.za/New/History/1980.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc38234/m1/147/">"The Federal Reporter with Key-Number Annotations, Volume 188: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Courts of Appeals and Circuit and District Courts of the United States, August-October, 1911"</a>. <i>UNT Digital Library</i>. 8 May 1911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330150647/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc38234/m1/147/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Meyer2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Köhler, R. Meyer, A. Homburg: <i>Explosivstoffe</i>. Zehnte, vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2008, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-527-32009-7</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbs, T. R. & Popolato, A. <i>LASL Explosive Property Data</i>. <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>, New Mexico. <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, 1980.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/clas/ctip/context_sensitive_rock_slope_design/ch_3_3.aspx#3_1_3_1">"FHWA - Center for Local Aid Support - Publications"</a>. <i><a href="Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLedgard2007" class="citation book cs1">Ledgard, Jared (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6f-Qlmm6zIC&pg=PA498"><i>A Soldiers Handbook, Volume 1: Explosives Operations</i></a>. Jared Ledgard. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-615-14794-9</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125091923/https://books.google.com/books?id=U6f-Qlmm6zIC&pg=PA498">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Jeffrey (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5w6DwAAQBAJ&dq=military+dynamite+composition&pg=PA267"><i>U.S. Marine Corps School Of Infantry SOI Complete Training Materials</i></a>. Jeffrey Frank Jones. pp. AM1401-6.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Cartwright, A. P. (1964). <i>The dynamite Company: The Story of African Explosives and Chemical Industries Limited</i>. Cape Town: Purnell & Sons (S.A.) (Pty) Ltd.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLarabee2015" class="citation book cs1">Larabee, Ann (2015). <i><a href="The_Wrong_Hands%3A_Popular_Weapons_Manuals_and_Their_Historic_Challenges_to_a_Democratic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wrong Hands: Popular Weapons Manuals and Their Historic Challenges to a Democratic Society">The Wrong Hands: Popular Weapons Manuals and Their Historic Challenges to a Democratic Society</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-020117-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/927145132">927145132</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Schück, H. and Sohlman, R. (1929). <i>The Life of Alfred Nobel</i>. London: William Heinemann Ltd.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dynamite" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:dynamite">dynamite</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dynamite" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Dynamite">Dynamite</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-dynamite-companies/">Alfred Nobel’s dynamite companies</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630065530/http://www.oregon.gov/OSP/AES/Dynamite.shtml">Oregon State Police – Arson and Explosives Section (Handling instructions and photos)</a></li>

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFAlfred_Nobel1868"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US78317">US patent 78317</a>, Alfred Nobel, "Improved explosive compound", published 26 May 1868, issued 26 May 1868</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=78317&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Improved+explosive+compound&rft.inventor=Alfred+Nobel&rft.date=1868-05-26&rft.pubdate=1868-05-26"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (Dynamite US patent)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_dynamite.htm">Dynamite and TNT</a> at <i><a href="The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Mining_equipment725" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mining equipment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Excavation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">Pickaxe</a></li>

<li><a href="Shovel" title="Shovel">Shovel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_steel" title="Hand steel">Hand steel</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowbar_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowbar (tool)">Crowbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">Sledgehammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">Jackhammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gez%C3%A4he" title="Gezähe">Gezähe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">Blasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blasting_machine" title="Blasting machine">Blasting machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Detonator" title="Detonator">Detonator</a> / <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">Blasting cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Dualin" title="Dualin">Dualin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Power_shovel" title="Power shovel">Power shovel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">Steam shovel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rocker_Shovel_Loader" title="Rocker Shovel Loader">Rocker Shovel Loader</a></li>

<li><a href="Dragline_excavator" title="Dragline excavator">Dragline excavator</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucket-wheel_excavator" title="Bucket-wheel excavator">Bucket-wheel excavator</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucket_chain_excavator" title="Bucket chain excavator">Bucket chain excavator</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_dredge" title="Gold dredge">Gold dredge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fire-setting" title="Fire-setting">Fire-setting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Gold panning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hushing" title="Hushing">Hushing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hoist_(mining)" title="Hoist (mining)">Hoist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Headframe" title="Headframe">Headframe</a></li>

<li><a href="Winding_engine" title="Winding engine">Winding engine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Man_engine" title="Man engine">Man engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horizontal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">Mine railway</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minecart" title="Minecart">Minecart</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarry_tub" title="Quarry tub">Quarry tub</a></li>

<li><a href="Slate_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate wagon">Slate wagon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mantrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantrip">Mantrip</a></li>

<li><a href="Material_ropeway" title="Material ropeway">Material ropeway</a> (<a href="Blondin_(quarry_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blondin (quarry equipment)">Blondin</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Conveyor_bridge" title="Conveyor bridge">Conveyor bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">Haul truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Articulated_hauler" title="Articulated hauler">Articulated hauler</a></li>

<li><a href="Stacker" title="Stacker">Stacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Reclaimer" title="Reclaimer">Reclaimer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Miner's_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Miner's helmet">Miner's helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">Headlamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Carbide lamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Ventilation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt>Types of tools</dt>

<dd>Cleaning</dd>

<dd>Cutting and abrasive</dd>

<dd>Forestry</dd>

<dd>Garden</dd>

<dd>Kitchen</dd>

<dd>Machine and metalworking</dd>

<dd>Masonry</dd>

<dd>Measuring and alignment</dd>

<dd>Mining</dd>

<dd>Power</dd>

<dd>Textile</dd>

<dd>Woodworking</dd></dl>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1016" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1016" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dynamit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4699014-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dynamite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040322">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567968305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/49b6fd20-4ac0-4d52-b792-4622c10969d8">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Dynamite&oldid=1298519083">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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